@article {1970696,
	title = {Are Family Firms More Efficient? Revisiting the U-Shaped Curve of Firm Scale and Efficiency},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	year = {2023},
	month = {2023},
	abstract = {This study applies a stochastic frontier model to examine the relationship between firm size and efficiency using a novel approach. The first novelty is that this study examines large and small firms separately to allow for heterogeneity between firm group sizes in terms of measuring the size-efficiency relationship. The second is that we use a modified frontier model which explicitly includes a family firm variable when measuring firm efficiency. Empirical results reveal that firms are in fact heterogeneous, with small-and-medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) exhibiting a U-shaped scale efficiency curve, while large enterprises (LE) exhibit an efficiency curve which is positive and linear. Robust results also confirm that family firms are relatively more efficient than non-family firms. In addition, while controlling for family firms does not appear to change the firm{\textquoteright}s size-efficiency dynamics, failure to control for family firms leads to a bias in characterizing the nature of the firm{\textquoteright}s production returns to scale.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Zhang,Yingchao and Chen,Ku-Hsieh and Chen,Pei-Hwa}
}
@article {1977836,
	title = {Chinese Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	address = {Chicago},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977831,
	title = {Chinese Capital Structure: Theory and Evidence},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	address = {Chicago Il},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970691,
	title = {An Empirical Examination of Firm Growth in the MENA Region: Through the Lens of Gibrat{\textquoteright}s Law},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	volume = {60},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	pages = {121-131},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	url = {https://www.springer.com/economics/microeconomics/journal/40812},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Weidinger,Alois Konrad}
}
@article {1977821,
	title = {Myths from Silicon Valley -Is Tech difference than Detroit?},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	address = {Vienna, Austria.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977826,
	title = {What Does Sustainable Growth look in the Technology Sector?},
	year = {2022},
	month = {2022},
	address = {Slovakia},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977846,
	title = {Challenges and Opportunities of Research in Austria},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	address = {Invited Online Webinar},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977841,
	title = {Fulbright in Austria},
	year = {2021},
	month = {2021},
	address = {Webinar online},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977851,
	title = {Austria{\textquoteright}s Research Opportunities},
	year = {2020},
	month = {2020},
	address = {Online Webinar},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970706,
	title = {Corporate Governance: What We Know And Don{\textquoteright}t Know},
	journal = {Journal of Industrial and Business Economics},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	abstract = {The corporate governance literature provides a rich framework for examining the theoretical models and related mechanisms by which a firm is operated and controlled, but there are a number of challenges for future research that remain. This paper identifies some of the key studies and contributions of the existing corporate governance literature, while identifying several fruitful areas for research where our understanding of corporate governance is incomplete. For example, what is the relationship between corporate governance and corporate social responsibility, and how might this change in different institutional environments? Expanding standard models to include more nuanced factors within diverse and dynamic institutional environments is one challenge we face in modeling governance more comprehensively. In addition, as data becomes more easily available on smaller countries, transitional economies, and in frontier and emerging markets, we also need to expand our studies beyond the large Western country context. Future empirical work should undertake to better understand and examine the institutional structures, systems, mechanisms and incentives within understudied regions around the world. Beyond the notion of replication studies, careful cross-country studies would enable us to compare outcomes with existing studies and better inform us on fundamental differences (and similarities) between systems, contributing to our discussions on the limits of conversion between governance systems.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	url = {https://www.springer.com/economics/microeconomics/journal/40812},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@inbook {1970701,
	title = {Dr. Audretsch: or How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Doing Small Business Research},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970711,
	title = {Internationalization and Regional Entrepreneurship in China},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	year = {2019},
	month = {2019},
	abstract = {This study examines the importance of geographic location on the empirical link between internationalization and entrepreneurial intention. Integrating data from multiple sources to create a measure of internationalization intensity, this study directly contributes to the literature by revealing a significant and more complex relationship between internationalization and entrepreneurship than previously suggested in the literature. Specifically, while highly internationalized locations allow better access to resource markets they may also hinder entrepreneurship for several reasons, including the fact that these locations have higher competition for resources. Results provide direct empirical support to recent theories on the importance of within country comparative differences.},
	keywords = {Accounting, Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Weidinger,Alois}
}
@article {1977861,
	title = {Evidence on the Dynamic Nature of Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance in China},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	address = {Copenhagen},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977856,
	title = {An Examination of the Relationship Between Size and Growth of Listed Firms in the United Arab Emirates},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018},
	address = {Oxford, UK},
	keywords = {Accounting, Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Weidinger,Alois and Widmer,Melanie}
}
@article {1970721,
	title = {Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient: A Five-Country Study},
	journal = {Thunderbird International Business Review},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	abstract = {Cultural intelligence (CI) has often been linked to performance at the individual, team and firm levels as a key factor in international business success. Using a new measure of CI, the business cultural intelligence quotient (BCIQ), our study provides empirical evidence on several key antecedents of CI using data onbusiness professionals across five diverse countries (Austria, Colombia, Greece, Spain and USA). The findings suggest that the most important factors leading to cultural intelligence, in order of importance, are: the number of countries that business practitioners have lived in for more than six months, their level of education and the number of languages spoken. We find that cultural intelligence varies across countries, suggesting that some countries have a higher propensity for cross-cultural business interactions. By teasing out the common antecedents of BCIQ among professionals, our findings may help with screening and training professionals for international assignments. Future research may examine the environmental (country-specific) factors associated with a higher propensity for cultural intelligence (such as immigration, cultural diversity, languages spoken, and international trade) to explain the effect of country of origin on cultural intelligence in the professional community.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Alon,Ilan}
}
@article {1970716,
	title = {Evidence on the Dynamic Nature of Executive Compensation and Corporate Governance in China},
	journal = {International Journal of Corporate Governance},
	volume = {7},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977866,
	title = {Internationalization and Regional Entrepreneurship:  Empirical Evidence on the Formation of New Ventures in China},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	address = {China},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977876,
	title = {Internationalization and Regional Entrepreneurship:  Empirical Evidence on the Formation of New Ventures in China},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	address = {Dubai},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Weidinger,Alois}
}
@article {1977871,
	title = {Internationalization, Geographic Location and Entrepreneurial Intention},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	address = {New Orleans, LA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970201,
	title = {The role of informal capital on new venture formation and growth in China},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	volume = {46},
	year = {2016},
	month = {2016},
	pages = {79-91},
	abstract = {This study examines the nature and role of informal capital used by micro-firms in the dynamic emerging market of China. Using a unique source of data for 260 urban entrepreneurs, this study provides empirical evidence that entrepreneurs{\textquoteright} personal savings and family funding are important sources of start-up capital. However, household income is the most important funding source in driving firm growth over time. This research directly addresses the lacuna of studies on entrepreneurship in emerging economies and contributes to our understanding of the critical role informal capital plays in the Chinese entrepreneurial process. Overall findings suggest that informal capital is still predominantly used over formal capital sources for financing firm start-up, underscoring the slow transition in China from an emerging to a modern economy.},
	keywords = {Accounting, Finance, OSU-Cascades, OSU-Cascades Hospitality Mgt},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Chen,Sandy and Weidinger,Alois}
}
@article {1977891,
	title = {Cultural Intelligence Antecedents},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	address = {Warsaw, Poland},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977886,
	title = {A Hierarchy of Cultural Intelligence Antecedents},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	address = {India},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977881,
	title = {A Hierarchy of Cultural Intelligence Antecedents},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	address = {Vancouver, BC, Canada},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977901,
	title = {Measuring Cultural Intelligence},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	address = {Abu Dhabi, UAE},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977896,
	title = {The Role of Informal Capital in Growth in China},
	year = {2015},
	month = {2015},
	address = {Dubai, UAE},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970726,
	title = {Executive Compensation and Agency Issues in Italy},
	journal = {International Journal of Corporate Governance},
	volume = {5},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	abstract = {From a theoretical perspective, we posit that that dividend policies may be relevant in resolving agency issues even in a governance environment dominated by family controlled firms. Earlier research has found that in more market based systems such as the US and Canada, dividends are in fact instrumental in solving agency issues. Prior empirical research has also found that dividends have a role in mitigating agency conflicts in a bank-dominated corporate environments like that in Germany (Elston and Goldberg, 2003). This paper extends the findings of earlier research by empirically investigating whether dividends retain their importance as the mechanism for resolving residual agency issues in a family controlled governance environment like Italy},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Rondi,Laura and Bhattacharyya,Nalanaksha}
}
@article {1977906,
	title = {International Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	address = {Vienna},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977911,
	title = {Business Cultural Intelligence Quotient (BCIQ)},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {Orlando, FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970206,
	title = {Entrepreneurial motives and characteristics: An analysis of small restaurant owners},
	journal = {International Journal of Hospitality Management},
	volume = {35},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	pages = {294-305},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades, OSU-Cascades Hospitality Mgt},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Chen,Sandy}
}
@inbook {1984411,
	title = {Financing the Entrepreneurial Decision:  An Empirical Approach Using Experimental Data on US High Technology Entrepreneurs},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {London},
	abstract = {Public Policy in the Entrepreneurial Society},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977916,
	title = {International Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {Bratislava, Slovakia.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977926,
	title = {Measuring Risk Attitudes of High-Technology Entrepreneurs},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {Vienna Austria},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977921,
	title = {Measuring the Impacts of Risk Attitudes and Entrepreneurship of US High Technology Entrepreneurs},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {Rome, Italy},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@inbook {1984416,
	title = {Risk Attitudes, Wealth and Sources of Entrepreneurial Start-Up Capital},
	year = {2013},
	month = {2013},
	address = {London},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977936,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Internationalization and Regional  Entrepreneurship:  Empirical Evidence on the Formation of New Ventures in China{\textquotedblright}},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977931,
	title = {{\textquotedblleft}Regional  Entrepreneurship:  Empirical Evidence on the Formation of New Ventures in China{\textquotedblright}},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	address = {Boston},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970731,
	title = {Dividends, Executive Compensation, and Agency Costs: Empirical Evidence From Germany},
	journal = {Journal of Accounting and Finance},
	volume = {11},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {11-20},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Bhattacharyya,Nalanaksha}
}
@article {1977941,
	title = {Entrepreneurship in China},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	address = {Orlando, FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970746,
	title = {Financing the Entrepreneurial Decision: An Empirical Approach Using Experimental Data on US High Technology Entrepreneurs},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	volume = {36},
	year = {2011},
	month = {2011},
	pages = {209-222},
	abstract = {This paper empirically examines the role of risk attitudes and wealth on financing choices for successful US entrepreneurs. Our approach uses both survey data and data from economics based field experiments, which enables us control for the risk attitudes of entrepreneurs. Empirical findings suggest that lower levels of wealth increase the probability of using a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant, but lower levels of wealth also reduce the probability of using loan financing. In addition results show that higher levels of risk aversion, but not wealth, increase the probability of financing firm start-ups with earnings from a second job. Overall, findings suggest that both wealth and risk attitudes may play an important role in the financing choice of entrepreneurs.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Audretsch,David B.}
}
@article {1977946,
	title = {Agency Costs, Dividends and Executive Compensation: Empirical Evidence from Germany},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	address = {Tampa, FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977961,
	title = {DIVIDENDS, EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION, AND AGENCY COSTS:},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	address = {Chicago Il, USA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977951,
	title = {Financing Entrepreneurship and Innovation},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977956,
	title = {Firm Growth and Gibrat{\textquoteright}s Law},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	address = {Stockholm Sweden},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970736,
	title = {Risk Attitudes, Wealth and Sources of Entrepreneurial Start-up Capital},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
	volume = {76},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {82-89},
	abstract = {This paper empirically examines the role of risk attitudes and wealth on financing choices for successful US entrepreneurs. Our approach uses both survey data and data from economics based field experiments, which enables us control for the risk attitudes of entrepreneurs. Empirical findings suggest that lower levels of wealth increase the probability of using a Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant, but lower levels of wealth also reduce the probability of using loan financing. In addition results show that higher levels of risk aversion, but not wealth, increase the probability of financing firm start-ups with earnings from a second job. Overall, findings suggest that both wealth and risk attitudes may play an important role in the financing choice of entrepreneurs.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	url = {www.elsevier.com/locate/jebo},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970741,
	title = {Venture Capital, Ownership Structure, Accounting Standards and IPO Underpricing: Evidence from Germany},
	journal = {Journal of Economics and Business},
	volume = {62},
	year = {2010},
	month = {2010},
	pages = {517-536},
	abstract = {This study investigates the impact of venture capital (VC), ownership structure, and accounting standards on initial public offering (IPO) underpricing in Germany. Using data from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Markt (NM), we test two key hypotheses regarding IPO underpricing; first, whether VC ownership and higher levels of post-IPO insider ownership result in lower underpricing, and second, whether additional information disclosure results in lower underpricing. Besides the standard underpricing measure, we also use a modified underpricing measure to better assess true entrepreneurial wealth loss. Robust findings indicate that none of these factors are significant in lowering IPO underpricing, which suggests the importance of examining standard theories within alternative institutional environments. Results are consistent with the stylized fact that Germany{\textquoteright}s NM firms had relatively minimal use of VC financing, which may point to not only a weaker role for venture capitalists in Germany but fewer incentives to reduce information asymmetry arising from outside ownership.<br><br>},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Yang,Jimmy}
}
@article {1970751,
	title = {Corporate Governance and Capital Accumulation: Firm Level Evidence from Italy},
	journal = {Scottish Journal of Political Economy},
	volume = {56},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	pages = {634-661},
	abstract = {This study investigates the impact of investor protection on firm ownership and investment decisions in a model where investor protection is allowed to vary across firms. Using firm panel data for Italy, we construct firm level variables to capture the degree of investor protection which is specific to the firm and observable by outside shareholders. Empirical evidence indicates that the stronger the investor protections the lower the fraction of equity that is owned by insiders. Results also suggest that higher insider equity ownership is linked to a larger risk premium and higher costs of capital for the firm. Finally, our findings indicate that the magnitude of capital stock distortions is important when shareholder protection is weak and ownership concentration is high.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Rondi,Laura}
}
@article {1977971,
	title = {Dividends, Executive Compensation, and Agency Costs},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	address = {Milan, Italy},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977966,
	title = {Financing the Entrepreneurial Decision:  An Empirical Approach Using Experimental Data on US High Technology Entrepreneurs},
	year = {2009},
	month = {2009},
	address = {Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977986,
	title = {Dividends and Agency Issues: Empirical Evidence From Germany},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s Newfoundland},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977991,
	title = {Dividends and Agency Issues: Empirical Evidence From Germany},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	address = {St. John{\textquoteright}s Newfoundland},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977996,
	title = {Financing Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	address = {Jena Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977981,
	title = {The impact of accounting standards and ownership structure on IPO underpricing: evidence from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Market},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	address = {Las Vegas},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Yang,Jimmy and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1977976,
	title = {The Impact of Accounting Standards and Ownership Structure on IPO Underpricing: Evidence from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Markt},
	year = {2008},
	month = {2008},
	address = {Las Vegas, NV},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Yang,Jimmy and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978011,
	title = {Characterizing the Entrepreneur},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	address = {Riverwalk Hotel},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978001,
	title = {Financing Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	address = {Tegernsee Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978006,
	title = {Financing Entrepreneurship},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	address = {OSU Cascades},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970756,
	title = {Shareholder Protection and the Cost of Capital: Evidence from German and Italian Firms},
	journal = {Statistica Applicata (Italian Journal of Applied Statistics)},
	volume = {18},
	year = {2007},
	month = {2007},
	pages = {153-172},
	abstract = {We investigate the interaction of investor protection, ownership concentration and firms{\textquoteright} financing and investment decisions in a model where investor protection is allowed to vary across firms. Using firm panel data for Italy, we construct firm level variables to capture the degree of investor protection which is specific to the firm and observable by outside shareholders. We find that the stronger the investor protections the lower the fraction of equity that is owned by insiders. We also find that the higher the insider equity ownership the higher the idiosyncratic risk premium in the cost of capital. Finally, our results indicate that the magnitude of capital stock distortions is quite important when shareholder protection is weak and ownership concentration is high.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Rondi,Laura}
}
@article {1970761,
	title = {Can Institutional Change Impact High-Technology Firm Growth:  Evidence from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Markt},
	journal = {Journal of Productivity Analysis},
	volume = {25},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {9-23},
	abstract = {To facilitate the transformation of the German economy from the traditional manufacturing industries towards emerging new technologies, a new segment of the Frankfurt exchange was introduced in 1997  the Neuer Markt. To examine whether the Neuer Markt was successful, we compare the relationship between firm size and growth for firms listed on the Neuer Markt and contrast the results with two benchmarks: (1) for German firms prior to the 1990s (to reflect the older traditional manufacturing sector) and (2) for the stylized results for the US. This study provides evidence that not only did many new firms obtain funding from the Neuer Markt; but that for the first time in recent history, Germany succeeded in enabling smaller firms to grow faster than larger firms. This suggests that the new policies were not only successful in promoting a new type of firm that otherwise might not exist, but in transforming the sources of growth and innovation within the German economy.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Audretsch,David  B. and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970766,
	title = {Finance, Control and Profitability:  An Evaluation of German Bank Influence},
	journal = {Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization},
	volume = {59},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	pages = {69-88},
	abstract = {Bank intermediated finance has been cited frequently as the preferred means for channeling funds from savers to firms. Germany is the prototypical economy where powerful universal banks allegedly exert substantial influence over firms. Despite frequent assertions about the advantages of a bank relation, empirical support is mixed. With a unique dataset and a focus on the fragility/sturdiness of inferences, this paper evaluates German bank influence in terms of three hypotheses: (1) do bank influenced firms enjoy lower finance costs? (No); (2) is bank influence a solution to control problems? (Yes); (3) do bank influenced firms have higher profitability? (No).},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Chirinko,Robert S. and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978016,
	title = {Financing Entrpreneurship},
	year = {2006},
	month = {2006},
	address = {Jena Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970771,
	title = {Bank Influence, Firm Performance and Survival},
	journal = {Corporate Ownership and Control},
	volume = {1},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	pages = {65-71},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978021,
	title = {Dividend Policy, Agency Costs and Institutional Ownership},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Berlin, Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978036,
	title = {Shareholder Protection and the Cost of Capital:  Empirical Evidence from German and Italian Firms},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Jena Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978026,
	title = {Valuation Differences under 3 Accounting Standards:  Empirical Evidence from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Markt},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Frankfurt, Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978031,
	title = {Valuation Differences under 3 Accounting Standards:  Empirical Evidence from Germany{\textquoteright}s Neuer Markt},
	year = {2004},
	month = {2004},
	address = {Jena, Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978046,
	title = {Dividend Policy, Agency Costs and Institutional Ownership in Germany},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Tampa FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978041,
	title = {Dividend Policy, Agency Costs and Institutional Ownership in Germany},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970776,
	title = {Executive Compensation and Agency Costs in Germany},
	journal = {Journal of Banking \& Finance},
	volume = {27},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {1391-1410},
	abstract = {With the growth of international mergers like DaimlerChrysler, interest in executive compensation practices abroad, particularly in Germany, has increased. Using unique data sources for Germany, we find that similar to US firms, German firms also have agency problems caused by the separation of ownership from control, with ownership dispersion leading to higher compensation. In addition, there is evidence that bank influence has a negative impact on compensation.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Goldberg,Larry}
}
@article {1978071,
	title = {Finance, Profitability and Control:  An Evaluation of German Bank Influence},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {San Diego, CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970781,
	title = {Financial Factors and Investment in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom: A Comparison Using Company Panel Data},
	journal = {Review of Economics and Statistics},
	volume = {85},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	pages = {153-165},
	abstract = {We construct company panel data sets for manufacturing firms in Belgium, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, covering the period 1978-1989. These data sets are used to estimate empirical investment equations, and to investigate the role played by financial factors in each country. A robust finding is that cash flow and profits terms appear to be both statistically and quantitatively more significant in the United Kingdom than in the three continental European countries. This is consistent with the suggestion that financial constraints on investment may be relatively severe in the more market-oriented U.K. financial system.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Bond,Stephen and Elston,Julie and Mairesse,Jacques and Mulkay,Benoit}
}
@article {1978076,
	title = {Financing Technology Growth in the 21st Century:  Can Policy Make a Difference?},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Fairfax, VA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978061,
	title = {Financing Technology Growth in the 21st Century:  Germany in Transition},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Albany, NY},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978066,
	title = {Financing Technology Growth in the 21st Century:  Germany in Transition},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {TX},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978056,
	title = {Financing Technology Growth in the 21st Century:  Germany in Transition},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	address = {Fullerton, CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978051,
	title = {Untitled},
	year = {2003},
	month = {2003},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978106,
	title = {Changing Policies and New Economic Growth:  Germany in Transition},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Malibu CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978101,
	title = {Changing Policies and New Economic Growth:  Germany in Transition},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Bloomington IN},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978086,
	title = {The Digital Economy?},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Orlando FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978096,
	title = {A Preliminary Examination of the Relationship Between Firm Size, Growth, and Liquidity in the Neuer Markt},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Atlanta, GA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978081,
	title = {A Preliminary Examination of the Relationship Between Firm Size, Growth, and Liquidity in the Neuer Markt},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Seattle WA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978091,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s New About the New Economy?},
	year = {2002},
	month = {2002},
	address = {Winter Park FL},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970786,
	title = {Bank-firm relationships, financing and firm performance in Germany},
	journal = {Economic Letters},
	volume = {72},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {225-232},
	abstract = {Close bank{\textquotedblright}firm relationships that characterize the financial systems in Germany and Japan are often credited for reducing agency costs and increasing access to capital, thus improving the performance of firms. Critics of these banking systems cite the alternative possibility that conflicts of interests may also arise from both the banks{\textquoteright} multiple roles with the firm, and the opportunity the banks have to use private information to shift risk or to otherwise participate in rent-seeking activities. We extend the empirical literature by systematically investigating the impact of bank-influence on the financing choices and performance of the firm. We find that bank-influenced firms in Germany do benefit from increased access to capital. There is, however, no evidence to support the hypothesis of either higher profitability or growth for bank-influenced firms. Results suggest that the interest payments to debt ratio is significantly higher for bank-influenced firms, which supports the hypothesis that German universal banks may engage in rent-seeking activities and provides evidence of a conflicting interests between creditors and shareholders.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Agarwal,Rajshree and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970791,
	title = {Does firm size matter? Evidence on the impact of liquidity constraints on firm investment behavior in Germany},
	journal = {International Journal of Industrial Organization},
	volume = {20},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	pages = {1-17},
	abstract = {This paper examines the link between liquidity constraints and investment behavior for German firms of different sizes from 1970 to 1986. Results indicate that medium sized firms appear to be more liquidity constrained in their investment behavior than either the smallest or largest firms in the study, suggesting that the unique German infrastructure designed to assist the small firm has indeed succeeded in alleviating, to some degree, such liquidity constraints. Findings also support the hypothesis that the emerging competition and internationalism which characterized the German financial markets in the 1980s, have been improving access to capital for some groups of firms.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Audretsch,David  B. and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978116,
	title = {Executive Compensation and Agency Costs in Germany},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Dublin Ireland},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Goldberg,Larry}
}
@article {1978126,
	title = {Growth of Neuer Markt Firms},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978121,
	title = {The Neuer Markt: Real and Financial Factors,},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Frankfurt, Germany},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978111,
	title = {What{\textquoteright}s New About the New Economy},
	year = {2001},
	month = {2001},
	address = {Washington DC},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978131,
	title = {Executive Compensation and Agency Costs},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	address = {San Diego CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978136,
	title = {Funding Gaps in Germany Industry},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	address = {Warwick, England},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970796,
	title = {Market Linkages Between the US and Japan: An Application to the Fisheries Industry},
	journal = {Japan and the World Economy},
	volume = {11},
	year = {1999},
	month = {1999},
	pages = {517-530},
	abstract = {Recent trends in globalization of Pacific Basin commodity markets raises important questions concerning the nature of market integration and price linkages. This paper examines this issue by testing for price linkages between the United States and Japan for two species whose exports from the U.S. to Japan have risen considerably over the past decade. Empirical results indicate segmentation of price linkages for sablefish but probable price linkages for some thornyhead markets. Findings suggest that markets for these species may be less sensitive to price changes in Japan than would be expected based on commodity flows.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970801,
	title = {Financing the German Mittelstand},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	volume = {9},
	year = {1997},
	month = {1997},
	pages = {97-110},
	abstract = {This paper describes how the German Mittelstand, or small- and medium-sized enterprises, are financed in Germany. The role of the German Mittelstand, both in a static and in a dynamic framework, is described and contrasted with that of the same size group in other leading industrialised countries. We find that in general, the Mittelstand has played a mmore important role in Germany than in other industrialised nations, such as the United States or the United Kingdom. The traditional success of the German Mittelstand is partly attributable to a system of finance that is richly layered by complementary institutions designed to meet the financial needs of both large and smaller enterprises. However, we find evidence that even under the German system of finance liquidity constraints exist and are greater for smaller firms. The German system of finance moreover seems particularly deficient in the channeling of funds to new firm startups in the newer industries.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Audretsch,David and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970811,
	title = {Dividend policy and investment: Theory and evidence from US panel data},
	journal = {Managerial and Decision Economics},
	volume = {17},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {267-275},
	abstract = {This paper examines the importance of dividend policy and liquidity constraints in the context of the firm{\textquoteright}s investment behaviour. While early financial literature has argued that dividend policy should be independent of firm investment decisions, recent studies indicate that linkages are probable in a world of imperfect capital markets. This study develops an alternative Q specification which incorporates the actual dividend payment of the firm in order to test the hypothesis of independence. Empirical results suggest that after controlling for the firm{\textquoteright}s dividend payment, liquidity constraints remain an important determinant of firm investment behavior.},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978141,
	title = {Finance, Control and Profitability: An Evaluation of German Bank Influence},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	address = {Pasadena CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1978146,
	title = {Finance, Control and Profitability: An Evaluation of German Bank Influence},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	address = {San Francisco CA},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970806,
	title = {Le Financement de la Mittelstand Allemande},
	journal = {Revue Internationale : Petite et Moyenne Enterprise (PME)},
	volume = {8},
	year = {1996},
	month = {1996},
	pages = {121-147},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Audretsch,David and Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970816,
	title = {Banks, Finance and Investment in German: A Review Article},
	journal = {Small Business Economics},
	volume = {7},
	year = {1995},
	month = {1995},
	pages = {475-479},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
@article {1970821,
	title = {Bank Affiliations and Firm Capital Investment in Germany},
	journal = {IFO Studien: Zeitschrift fur Empirische Wirtschaftsforschung},
	volume = {1},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	pages = {1-15},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie and Albach,Horst}
}
@article {1978151,
	title = {Does Firm Size Matter? Evidence on the Impacts of Liquidity Constraints on firm Investment Behavior in Germany},
	year = {1994},
	month = {1994},
	address = {Chania, Greece},
	keywords = {Finance, OSU-Cascades},
	author = {Elston,Julie}
}
