@conference {1972086,
	title = {Which Technologies are Included in Patent Pools? How Market and Social Factors Impact Selection},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Proceedings},
	year = {2014},
	month = {2014},
	abstract = {Patent pools are a unique form of research and development (R\&D) consortium in which licensor firms (technology sellers) bundle together essential patents for licensing out to each other and to third-party licensee firms (technology buyers). Over the last hundred years, governments rarely approved patent pools because of concerns about excessive or inappropriate knowledge sharing among participating firms and the possibility of anti-competitive activity. However, in recent years, regulatory authorities in the United States and Europe enacted policy changes and sanctioned the formation of patent pools in a variety of industries that are economically and technologically important. In this study, we utilize the formation of patent pools as a natural experiment for testing a much debated proposition in organizational research {\textendash}{\textendash}{\textendash} market-based versus network- based explanations for technology selection by firms. For the patents which technology sellers seek to license out to technology buyers, we posit that both the market value of the invention and the network position of the inventor impact the selection of patents for bundling in a patent pool. We conduct empirical analyses utilizing data from multiple patent pools formed within the same timeframe and within the same industry (optical discs). We find that market and network factors reinforce, rather than counteract each other in driving which patents are deemed essential and bundled together in a pool. Our findings have strategic implications for firm-level innovation by technology sellers and buyers as well as policy implications for government regulators.},
	keywords = {Strategy \& Entrepreneurship},
	author = {Joshi,Amol and Nerkar,Atul and Mallapragada,Girish}
}
@conference {1972106,
	title = {Stocking the Patent Pool: What Do Firms Offer for Licensing and Why?},
	booktitle = {Academy of Management Proceedings},
	year = {2012},
	month = {2012},
	abstract = {Licensing out intellectual property (IP) such as patents is an important source of firm profit. However, the managerial logic for determining which IP firms offer for licensing remains underexplored in the management literature. Past research analyzes the downstream purchasing decisions of IP licensees. In contrast, this study uses the concept of patent pools, a type of R\&D consortium, to explore the upstream marketing decisions of IP licensors. Drawing on the resource-based view (RBV), we hypothesize and find that an increase in the value of IP significantly increases the likelihood that the IP is offered for licensing through a patent pool, while an increase in the imitability of IP significantly decreases the likelihood that the IP is offered for licensing. Further, we find differential effects for the intrinsic and extrinsic dimensions of value and imitability on the likelihood of IP licensing. Extrinsic imitability of IP negatively moderates the relationship between the value of IP and the likelihood it is offered for licensing through a pool, whereas intrinsic imitability positively moderates this relationship. Our findings extend the RBV by providing empirical evidence for how managers determine and use the value and imitability of a firm{\textquoteright}s IP portfolio to justify technology licensing decisions.},
	keywords = {Strategy \& Entrepreneurship},
	author = {Joshi,Amol and Nerkar,Atul and Mallapragada,Girish}
}
